my car design in progress

this is my car deign using pro e wildfire 4.0....

car design by me

Hover Craft-Minor Project

Hello friends,
i am sharing the work that what i had done on my hovercraft.i wanna tell you how i proceed to make this and it costs only 9000 to 10000 rupees.
History of hovercraft and principal is easily available on the internet so i am not bothering about that.so how i work over it below is the details:-
Parts required:-

blower with the motor

Rubber coupling

• Blower- if you wanna make i very small hovercraft then the blower commercially used is suitable for you and available in the market at the cost of about 1000 rupees. But if you want to make a notable hovercraft as i did then you need a industrial blower .it is available in the prescribed shops. so friends i want to catch the attention of you all that this blower comes with the electric motor and which rotates it at a speed of 2800 r.p.m but if you want to show your work then drive it with the engine say bike engine (Bajaj pulsar150cc or Bajaj discover 135cc). these engines are quite powerful and i am using the discover bike engine. blower costs me 2000 rupees and the engine costs me 4000 rupees.here in the above picture you can see how my blower looks.please don't bring the motor with it. In blower their is a impeller whose work is to suck the air and release it with the pressure. shaft from the bike engine connects with this impeller and here i am using rubber coupling so to ensure that it stay stable as it rotates at a very high speed.don't connect the shaft coming from the gear box rather than connect it to the directly to the crankshaft and in neutral set this to top speed so when you starts the engine then it starts the blower and it does it work.
• Ply board: I am using a very strong ply because as the weight of the engine and the blower is quite large so it can break your ply that's why i am using a strong ply.Fix the blower at the one end and the engine at the center.i am using 4 feet in length and 3 feet in width.it costs me 1000 rupees.
• Skirt material- This is the most important part of the hovercraft because it have to bear the pressure,weight,wear and tear. so must be according to the condition. i am using nylon cloth because it is strong enough to suite my requirements.it costs me 600 rupees.
• pasting material-you may also need the pasting material so to paste the skirt material to the ply from the upper side to prevent the leakage of the air.and after pasting you may apply steel strips(must be light in weight) to the pasting portion so that it will stay their.
• Tools and other required material- In making of the hovercraft you require a number of the tools. i prefer my college workshop so if you also had that facility than its good otherwise go to some sort of auto repair shop.

this is the least requirement for the hovercraft.The procedure of the making hovercraft step by step is explained in my nest post and also the video explaining the steps.till then starts exploring your mind about the hovercraft.know more about it from the internet and the related books.

Throttling Process

hello friends,

Today i am going to explain the basic thermodynamics concept of throttling.

Throttling is a process in which the flow of fluid is restricted by closing the valve partially. Now imagine their are students in a class room and as the bell rungs they started moving out. Now if the door is opened partially then their will be clusters form by the students. Similarly in flow of fluid their is restriction to flow. now as students form clusters they pushing other students and in the same way fluid particles start rubbing with other molecules and as a result friction is their and as we all know friction is one of the biggest reason for any process to make it irreversible.

Hence it is clear that Throttling is irreversible.

EXAMPLES OF THROTTLING PROCESS
1. Flow through a partially opened valve as in IC engines
2. Flow through a very small opening e.g orifice.
3. Flow through a porous plug.

Characteristics of Throttling
1. No Work Transfer
Explanation:
As we know their is work transfer in turbines due to very large pressure difference. but in the case of throttling their is very low pressure differences so the work we get is very small and this work is lost in overcoming friction. so here we generally neglect the work transfer.

2. No Heat Transfer
Explanation:
Lets see it with a example... imagine you open the freeze and took out your water bottle and just within the fraction of seconds you put back that bottle, now what is the temperature difference between the two states of the water bottle, it is approx. zero. It means heat transfer needs some time , now what happened in throttling is that device length is very small and the fluid is always pushed ahead due to the bulk coming and due this their is not much time for the heat transfer. As we are considering the steady flow and bulk is not accumulated in the device so heat transfer is also neglected.

3. Irreversible Process

4. Isenthalpic Process
Explanation:
The word ISENTHALPIC means same Enthalpy.
look we apply steady flow energy equation:

now neglecting potential energy changes and
heat transfer(q) and work transfer (w) are zero as the characteristics of throttling..

equation becomes:

now what we generally seen that practically velocities values (c1 and c2 ) are very very small as compared to enthalpies values so c1 and c2 can be neglected and finally

hence the process is Isenthalpic.